Skip to Main Content
Jackson State Community College logo

Early World History

A course guide for students in Early World History courses

What are Primary Sources?

Primary Sources are documents, contextual items created during study, photographs, manuscripts, diaries, letters, autobiographies, recordings, artwork, newspapers, and/or artifacts that provide firsthand testimony or experience. They enable researchers to get as close as possible to what happened during a historical event or period, to touch the past.

Examples can include: 

  • archives and manuscript material
  • photographs, audio recordings, video recordings, films
  • journals, letters and diaries
  • speeches
  • scrapbooks
  • maps
  • published books, newspapers and magazine clippings published at the time
  • government publications
  • oral histories
  • records of organizations
  • autobiographies and memoirs
  • printed ephemera
  • original artwork
  • artifacts, i.e. clothing, ships, instruments, tools, china, household items, furniture
  • research data, i.e. public opinion polls

Check out the below websites to connect with history.

What are Secondary Sources?

A secondary sources is a work that interprets or analyzes an historical event or period after the even occurred and, generally speaking, with the use of primary sources. Allows the historian to investigate the period through sources written after the event occurred. 

Examples: 

  • Bibliographies
  • Biographical works
  • Reference books, including dictionaries, encyclopedias, and atlases
  • Articles from magazines, journals, and newspapers written after the fact
  • History books and other popular or scholarly books
  • Works of criticism and interpretation
  • Commentaries and treatises
  • Textbooks
  • Indexes and abstracts

Difficult Citations for Chicago 17th Ed.

After using a source one time you can shorten the citation.

For Books:

Author's Last name, shorten title of the book in Italics, page number. ex. Millard, Destiny of the Republic, 54.

For Articles:

Author's Last Name, Title of Journal in Italics, page number. ex. Cook, The New England Quarterly, 302.

For an electronic resources such as a webpage depending on what information you actually have. For any source you could be missing information, but put as much as you can find.